Transcriptomic analysis of s-methoprene resistance in the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, and evaluation of piperonyl butoxide as a resistance breaker

Abstract Background The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious pest of stored grains. Fumigation and contact insecticides play major role in managing this globally. While insects are developing genetic resistance to chemicals, hormonal analogues such as s-methoprene key reducing general pressure well populations that resistant fumigants neurotoxic insecticides. However, has been reported R. with some reports showing remarkable high resistance, questioning the use compound other related protection. current study attempts identify possible molecular mechanisms contribute dominica. Results Transcriptome analysis susceptible strains species identified set differentially expressed genes cytochrome P450s, indicating their potential s-methoprene. Laboratory bioassays were performed treated wheat grains presence absence piperonyl butoxide (PBO), P450 inhibitor. results indicate PBO, when applied alone, at least concentration tested here, had no effect on adult emergence, but clear synergistic number produced progeny decreased inhibitor, especially strain . In addition, we also CYP complement (CYPome) , annotated analysed phylogenetically, understand evolutionary relationships species. Conclusions information generated suggest PBO can effectively be used break